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JEFC閱讀課文教學(xué)模式探討
社會語言學(xué)家Dell Hymes 于1971年在《論交際能力》文中,指出交際能力(communicative competence)包括語法能力(grammatical competence),社會語言學(xué)能力(sociolinguistic competence),篇章閱讀能力(discourse competence)和策略能力(strategic competence)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的交際能力重要的一方面就是要注重整體教學(xué),培養(yǎng)學(xué)生閱讀理解能力。初中大綱中對“讀”這一技能也作出了明確規(guī)定:“通過三年的英語教學(xué),要使學(xué)生能獨(dú)立閱讀所學(xué)語言知識范圍內(nèi)的材料,生詞率不超過2%,閱讀速度為每分鐘40-50個詞,理解正確率達(dá)到70%!碑(dāng)今社會知識日新月異,科技突飛猛進(jìn),為了能滿足社會的發(fā)展需要與學(xué)生的興趣愛好,為了能直接地迅速地了解世界科技發(fā)展的最新動態(tài),學(xué)生必須具備良好的閱讀理解能力,英語教學(xué)大綱把培養(yǎng)閱讀能力作為目標(biāo)是符合社會需要的,學(xué)生一旦具備了獨(dú)立閱讀能力,也就具備了一定的自學(xué)能力,為他們今后的學(xué)習(xí)打下了堅實(shí)的基礎(chǔ),因此提高閱讀能力是每一個學(xué)習(xí)者必須達(dá)到的目標(biāo)。
縱觀現(xiàn)行初中英語新教材,其中二、三冊平均每一單元就有一篇閱讀材料,在深化素質(zhì)教育的今天,如何利用課本提供的閱讀材料,即課文來培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的閱讀理解能力,向45分鐘課堂教學(xué)要質(zhì)量是至關(guān)重要的問題。紹興市教研室于1996年6月到1998年8月組織了“面向全體因材施教,大面積提高初中英語教學(xué)質(zhì)量”的課題實(shí)驗,經(jīng)過近兩年的教學(xué)實(shí)驗研究,逐步形成了JEFC閱讀課文教學(xué)模式。學(xué)生的閱讀理解能力和語言運(yùn)用能力有了明顯提高,取得了一定成績,下面對JEFC閱讀課文教學(xué)作一個初步探討。
一、什么是閱讀?
現(xiàn)代心理學(xué)和認(rèn)識語言學(xué)等理論認(rèn)為,閱讀是一種復(fù)雜的主動思維的心理活動,是讀者根據(jù)自己的已知信息,已有知識和經(jīng)驗,對信息經(jīng)行體驗,預(yù)測和確認(rèn)的思維過程,也是讀者通過語篇這一媒介與作者相互作用的語言交際行為,美國著名心理學(xué)家Goodman甚至提出:“閱讀是心理語言學(xué)的猜謎游戲,包含思想和語言的相互作用過程”,70年代以后,Rumelhart的“相互作用理論”(Interactive Approach)和Carrel的“圖式理論”(Scheme Theory)又進(jìn)一步豐富和發(fā)展了外語閱讀理論,并對世界各國的外語教學(xué)產(chǎn)生了很大的影響。近年來,國外語言學(xué)理論的新觀念在我國已被廣泛應(yīng)用,交際教學(xué)法和語篇教學(xué)法的盛行即是證明。
作者把自己的思想用文字符號表達(dá)出來,這是一個由詞組成句子和話語和言語編碼過程。讀者在閱讀過程中,對由視覺輸入的語言文字符號的信息進(jìn)行解碼,憑借自己已有的語言文化背景知識,生活經(jīng)驗并通過聯(lián)想重建的創(chuàng)造性思維活動,獲取作者表達(dá)的意思。閱讀的主要目的是理解作者用文字表達(dá)的思想,因此理解能力是閱讀中最重要的能力。閱讀理解的程度可由淺入深分為三個層次:表層理解(literal comprehension)、深層理解(inferential comprehension)和評價性理解(critical comprehension),即從辨認(rèn)文字符號的感性認(rèn)識階段到理解內(nèi)容,吸收信息、創(chuàng)造性思維譯碼的理性認(rèn)識階段。
二、閱讀的過程及方法
以第三冊Lesson94(Ayers Rock )為例談幾點(diǎn)做法。
1.導(dǎo)入:運(yùn)啟發(fā)手段,如問答,討論等本課的話題,讓學(xué)生適度了解話題內(nèi)容。閱讀課與對話課一樣同樣使用提問策略調(diào)動學(xué)生,培養(yǎng)他們的主體意識和參與意識,問答與討論能激活學(xué)生在永久性記憶中相關(guān)的知識網(wǎng)絡(luò),使他們產(chǎn)生閱讀的愿望和心理準(zhǔn)備,認(rèn)知心理學(xué)家奧蘇貝爾認(rèn)為讀者在閱讀時,頭腦中已貯存的與讀物有關(guān)的基礎(chǔ)知識有助于對文章的理解,因此教師可以由問題導(dǎo)入課文,了解學(xué)生掌握的背景知識,從而為理解打下基礎(chǔ),同時在導(dǎo)入過程中可呈現(xiàn)部分生詞,即對閱讀理解會形成重大障礙的關(guān)鍵詞:
1 Presentation
Talk about Picture A
What can you see in the picture ? Is the mountain quite large ? The mountain is not high,it's quite low. Are there any rivers at the foot of the mountain ? What is the land covered with at the foot of the mountain ? There are many clouds in the sky ? (Turning the smaller slide with hardly any clouds onto the big one ) Now are there many clouds in the sky ? No, there are hardly any clouds in the sky . Look , we can see the sun is rising. (Turning the picture of the sun up and down) Now is the sun rising ? No, it's going down. What animals can you see at the foot of the mountain ? Sheep and kangaroos . Can you guess where the mountains ? Right, It's in Australia. The name of the mountain is Ayers Rock.
At the same time of presenting, teach the words on the blackboard:
low, at the foot of , grass, sky ,hardly, rise, Ayers Rock
Talk about Picture B
Where is Ayers Rock ?
How far is it from Sydney ?
What is the weather like when the plane is flying over a line of mountains ?
What's the weather like after the plane has left the mountains behind?
2.快速閱讀(表層理解即全面理解)根據(jù)美國學(xué)者的實(shí)驗統(tǒng)計(Albert J. Harris,How to Increase Reading Ability,1948,Page450)美國中學(xué)生的正常閱讀速度(本族語)平均為每分鐘250個單詞,閱讀能力強(qiáng)的學(xué)生可以達(dá)到每分鐘500個單詞,差的學(xué)生每分鐘不到40個單詞,而目前我國中學(xué)生閱讀速度(外國語)平均每分鐘不到40個英語單詞,相距甚遠(yuǎn)。大綱指出要求能以每分鐘50個單詞左右的速度進(jìn)行閱讀,提高閱讀速度能快速掌握其大意,為以后閱讀英文報刊,科技文章及英文原著打下良好的基礎(chǔ),從而達(dá)到真正掌握和運(yùn)用英語的目的。因此,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生具有快速閱讀能力勢在必行。
在學(xué)生第一次閱讀之前提出指導(dǎo)性問題,其目的是給學(xué)生的第一次閱讀確定一個目標(biāo)和任務(wù),實(shí)現(xiàn)在閱讀過程的監(jiān)控,由于學(xué)生剛開始熟悉課文,并無運(yùn)用課文中語言的能力,故設(shè)置指導(dǎo)性問題的要求是①涉及課文的主題和最重要明確的事實(shí);②需回答的語言簡潔。當(dāng)然在快速閱讀后可以讓學(xué)生做幾道選擇題或判斷題,以檢查其快速閱讀的效果。
快速閱讀過程中注意點(diǎn):①要盡力抑制嘴唇動作和低聲閱讀;
②要靠眼睛逐行閱讀避免指讀;
③克服回視的習(xí)慣;
④避免頭部擺動。
2 Drill :
In Australia , the population of Australia is the same as the population of Shanghai, but Australia has a lot of sheep.
Read the text and find the answer: How many sheep does Australia have ?
(170,000,000 . The population of Australia is 17,000,000. There are ten sheep for every person, so there are 170,000,000 sheep in Australia. )
B: Choose the best answers:
1. Bob White went to Ayers Rock ____.
A. to buy something B.to spend a holiday C.to see mountains
2. They went to Ayers Rock ___ most of the way.
A. by land B. by sea C. by air
3. Ayers Rock is in the ____ of Australia.
A. southeast B.southwest C.middle
4. Ayers Rock is the name of _____.
A. a city B.a country C.a mountain
5. Bob and his family started climbing before the sun rose because it was too ____ later.
A.hot B.cold C.cloudy
3.細(xì)節(jié)理解(深層理解):在掌握大意的基礎(chǔ)上,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生注意材料的細(xì)節(jié)。要求學(xué)生在利用作者所傳遞的信息進(jìn)一步理解篇章內(nèi)容。并在整體理解課文的基礎(chǔ)上,掌握新的語言知識。即①獲取吸收較詳細(xì)的篇章信息。②了解熟悉課文中生疏的詞匯短語結(jié)構(gòu)等語言現(xiàn)象。
內(nèi)容細(xì)節(jié)理解(注重簡筆畫、圖片等直觀教具的運(yùn)用)
①就課文內(nèi)容問答(Yes-No Question,WH Question)
②聽讀課文(先聽,后齊聲朗讀,再自己大聲朗讀)
③排順序,線索疏理,就表格,關(guān)鍵詞,圖片,短文填空等復(fù)述課文。
句意理解(閱讀材料允許有2%的生詞,不提倡一遇生詞就查字典)
①上下文推測,理解句意過程中猜測字意,一般在就課文內(nèi)容問答的同時教生詞。
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②在問答中沒能提及的詞匯與句法等在問答后講解,盡量用已學(xué)的英語解釋。
Not taking into account whether the students choose the answers right or wrong, ask them to read the text again carefully and then answer the questions on the slide.
1. What did Bob and his family go to Ayers Rock for ?
2. How did they go there most of the way ?
3. What was the weather like after they left the mountains behind them ?
4. What was the weather like when they flew over a line of mountain?
5. What did the land below look like ?
6. Were there many people or many sheep down there ?
7. When did they get up the next morning? Why ?
8. What is the most of the ground covered with at the foot of Ayers Rock ?
9. What is around Ayers Rock ?
10. Did they reach the top ? Why not ?
11. How do the sand and the sky look when the sun goes down ?
12. Did they have a good time there ?
During the period. Teach the following sentences on the blackboard:
Nothing grows there at all .
All around it is sand . / All around him are students.
as because for
I don't go to school because I am ill.
As it is hot in summer, people like swimming.
She stopped to buy some bread, for she was hungry.
3 Listen to the tape.
Answer: Who is the letter from and who is the letter to?
When and where did Bob write the letter?
When did Bob receive Wei Hua's letter?
What does Bob want Wei Hua to send him?
Read the text together.
Read it aloud by themselves.
4 Retell the story after the teacher according to the two pictures
( Ss say the next word when the teacher stops)
The letter is from Bob to Wei Hua. Bob wrote the letter on Apr.14th in Sydney. He received Wei Hua's letter on Apr.11th. Bob wants Wei Hua to send him some Chinese stamps.
Ayers Rock is a large, low mountain. All around it is sand. It is in the centre of Australia. It's about 2,000 kilometres away from Sydney.
Bob and his family went to Ayers Rock for a holiday. They went by plane.
It was very cloudy when they flew over a line of mountains, and there was
hardly a cloud in the sky. After they left the mountains behind them. Most of the land below looked like sand, but there were lots of sheep there
hardly any people. The next day, they got up early in the morning before the sun rose. They started climbing before it was light. At the foot of Ayers Rock it is covered with forest and grass. There are even a few rivers. When you climb higher, you'll find nothing grows there at all. Bob and his family didn't reach the top because it was too hot . When the sun goes down ,both the sky and the sand are red. So it is very beautiful. Though they stayed there for a few days ,they had a good time there.
4. 運(yùn)用(即意圖層次,即評價性理解)
閱讀的目的是吸收信息或利用獲取的信息分析解決問題,并對文章作出價值判斷,提高深層次理解和評價文章的能力,同時也獲得用英語進(jìn)行交際的能力,①小組討論不僅增加了學(xué)生的發(fā)言機(jī)會,促使學(xué)生積極思考,集思廣益,促使豐富學(xué)生的思維,還有利于教師進(jìn)行個別指導(dǎo),在設(shè)計這一層次的問題時,教師應(yīng)注意挖掘文章的思想性,寓思想教育于外語教學(xué)中;②教學(xué)過程中教師要鼓勵學(xué)生發(fā)表自己的見解,允許同學(xué)之間不同意見的爭論,創(chuàng)設(shè)一個自由,寬松,活潑用英語進(jìn)行討論的熱烈氣氛,逐步使學(xué)生實(shí)現(xiàn)由知識到技能再到交際能力的轉(zhuǎn)化,學(xué)有所得,學(xué)有所用,在用中學(xué),學(xué)中用,從而達(dá)到理解的最高境界,用概括性,推理性,評價性,發(fā)散性等多種形式的提問來激發(fā)學(xué)生的創(chuàng)造性思維。
Practice:
Discuss the following questions in groups.
1. What is the best title of the passage?
2. Do you think Ayers Rock is a good place ?
If you think so, please say what you like best about it.
If you don't think so , please say what you don't like about it .
3. Do you think Shaoxing is a good place, too ? Would you like Bob to visit it ?
5. 鞏固(寫的訓(xùn)練)運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生“寫”這一輸出技能。
Consolidation :
Lu Le says Ayers Rock is a good place and she says Shaoxing is a good place ,too. She will write to Bob and ask him to come here.
What is her address ? To revise the form of a letter .
Class 3, Grade 3
No 5 Middle School
Shaoxing 312000
Zhejiang Province
&nb
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sp; China
April 2nd,1999
Dear Bob,
______________________________________________________________
___________________________( Write a letter as homework )_____
Yours ,
Lu Le
Complete the blanks in their exercise books.
1. There are hardly any birds singing in the trees,______ ______?
2. not high ( )
3. go up ( )
4. light ( )
5. very high hill ( )
自開展實(shí)驗教育以來,著重分析研究教材教法,針對閱讀文章,因材施教,從聽、讀(默讀(快讀,細(xì)讀)、朗讀)、說、寫、循序漸進(jìn),體現(xiàn)了整體──部分──整體的整體教學(xué)原則,擺脫了傳統(tǒng)的逐字逐句分析課文,死扣語法,脫離課文內(nèi)容專項訓(xùn)練的教學(xué)模式,改變了老師講,學(xué)生聽的填鴨式教學(xué),著力以課文為中心培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的閱讀理解能力。這種教學(xué)充分調(diào)動了學(xué)生的積極性,也提高了對教師的要求,教師必須吃透教材,精心備課,了解學(xué)生的程度和接受能力,根據(jù)文章篇章結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)在含義設(shè)計問題,并提高駕馭課堂的能力,使學(xué)生在閱讀課中同樣有大量的聽與說機(jī)會,充分體現(xiàn)了學(xué)生為主體,教師為主導(dǎo)的教學(xué)思想。在九八升學(xué)考中取得了較為優(yōu)秀的成績,所任兩班中考英語成績?yōu)槠骄?2.2和82.9及格率為88.1%和89.4%優(yōu)秀率為62.75和64.9%并位于市屬中學(xué)前列。
為了更好地提高閱讀教學(xué)水平,作為一名初中英語教師,還應(yīng)從以下兩方面去努力:
1.教師要具備廣博的學(xué)識與良好的文化素養(yǎng)。
2.教師對自己的口語表達(dá)能力要有更高的要求,而不僅僅滿足于掌握了組織課堂教學(xué)的一些常用詞語,這樣才能勝任閱讀前的啟發(fā)引導(dǎo),閱讀過程中的答疑解惑閱讀后討論時的引導(dǎo)分析與歸納的要求,交際法就是要求用目標(biāo)語表達(dá)思想,交際法更重視在閱讀后如何互相交流進(jìn)行綜合理解,使閱讀效果更佳。
參考書目
1. 陳焰,《交際法在商務(wù)英語教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用》,見《外語與外語教學(xué)》1998.8
2. 劉雪嵐,《閱讀的策略》,見《外語與外語教學(xué)》1998.11
3. 李秋穎,《閱讀理解的三個層次》,見《中小學(xué)英語教學(xué)》99.1
4. 夏國梁,《淺談如何利用課文培養(yǎng)閱讀能力》,見《中小學(xué)外語教學(xué)與研究》97.2
5. 佘廣安,《閱讀的心理機(jī)制以及英語閱讀教學(xué)中應(yīng)注意的幾個問題》,見《中小學(xué)外語教學(xué)與研究》97.12
6. 胡鑒明,《交際法在閱讀理解教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用》,見《中小學(xué)外語教學(xué)與研究》98.7
7. 呂華鋒,《閱讀教學(xué)中激發(fā)創(chuàng)造性思維的提問藝術(shù)》,見《中小學(xué)外語教學(xué)與研究》98.11
8. 黃遠(yuǎn)振,《高中英語閱讀課文教學(xué)模式探討》,見《中小學(xué)外語教學(xué)與研究》98.11
9. 杭寶桐,《中學(xué)英語教學(xué)法》,華東師范大學(xué)出版社,98年出版
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