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unin8 A person of great determination教學(xué)目標(biāo)
1．能夠熟練讀寫及運(yùn)用下面的詞匯：
burst into tears, on board, change one’s mind, take charge, to be honest, envy, tear, scold, argue about, apologize for, shout at sb, ahead of, the rest of…, in that case, burst into, but for…, on the point of…, so long as, upon one's word, leave sb. doing sth.
2．學(xué)會(huì)運(yùn)用重點(diǎn)句型
1）I was very disappointed not to be going out.
2）You are obviously a person of great courage.
3）Unless I visit every bookstore in town, I shall not know whether I can get what I want.
4）….so long as it remains above the surface of the sea.
3．理解及運(yùn)用語法
復(fù)習(xí)動(dòng)詞的過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，一般過去時(shí)，過去完成時(shí)和過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
4．掌握及靈活運(yùn)用交際用語
1）I’m sorry about that.
2）I apologize for being so angry with you.
3）I’m sorry to have done that.
4）I’m afraid (that)….
5）Please excuse me for…
教學(xué)建議
教學(xué)教法：
這篇文章思想性較強(qiáng)，故事很感人。另外在具體語境中詞匯的用法地道。教師可把教學(xué)重點(diǎn)放在課文內(nèi)容理解，具體語境中對(duì)重點(diǎn)詞的把握，以及啟發(fā)學(xué)生面對(duì)逆境的生活態(tài)度。
語法：Tenses （時(shí)態(tài)）及被動(dòng)語態(tài)
Tenses （時(shí)態(tài)）
1.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法
1）表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，往往通過表示某一段時(shí)間的狀語或上下文表示。如：
①The teacher was giving a lesson at this time yesterday. 昨天這個(gè)時(shí)候老師正在上課。
�、赪hat were you doing when Mr Li came in? 李先生進(jìn)來時(shí)你在干什么？
2）表示說話人喜悅、不滿、厭煩等感情色彩，往往與always，all the time，very often等狀語連用。如：
①He was smiling all the time. 他一直笑容滿面。
�、赥om was always asking me foolish questions.湯姆總是向我提愚蠢的問題。
3）用于故事開頭，描繪故事發(fā)生的背景，常常和一般過去時(shí)交替使用。如：
�、貶e looked out of the window. Dark clouds were moving; it was becoming foggy. 他向窗外望去，烏云飄動(dòng)著，天正變得霧蒙蒙的。
4）表示運(yùn)動(dòng)方向的動(dòng)詞。come，go，start，leave，stay等的過去進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示從過去看即將發(fā)生的行為（即過去將來時(shí)）。如：
�、貶e said he was staying here for another week. 他說他將在此再呆一周。
�、贗 wanted to know when you were leaving for Beijing. 我想知道你何時(shí)動(dòng)身上北京。
▲過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的進(jìn)行或展開的情景，而一般過去時(shí)通常表示過去發(fā)生的一個(gè)事實(shí)。如：
�、貺ast night Mary wrote a letter to her mother.
昨晚瑪麗給她媽媽寫了信。（表示寫信這個(gè)事實(shí)，信已寫好）
②Last night Mary was writing a letter to her mother.
昨晚瑪麗一直在給媽媽寫信。（強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作情景，不一定寫完信）
2．過去完成時(shí)的用法
過去完成時(shí)表示在過去某一時(shí)間或行為之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作（過去的過去）或從過去某一時(shí)刻開始一直延續(xù)到過去另一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。
1）用介詞by表示在過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻之前或到過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻為止的意思，用介詞before表示在……之前。如：
�、貰y the end of last term we had learned five English songs.
到上學(xué)期末我們學(xué)會(huì)五首英語歌曲。
�、贐y the time he left school he had studied French（for）two years.
到他輟學(xué)時(shí)他已學(xué)了兩年法語。
�、跦e had come to Europe before the outbreak of the war.他在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)前來到歐洲。
2）常用于由before，after，when，until等連詞引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句，because等引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句，as等引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句的復(fù)合句中，當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)主句的行為和狀語從句的行為先后時(shí)，先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作用過去完成時(shí)，后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作用一般過去時(shí)。如：
①I had mended the TV set before my brother returned.我兄弟回來之前我修好了電視機(jī)。
�、贗 didn't go to the movie“The Gold Rush”because I had seen it twice.
我沒去看電影“淘金熱”，因?yàn)檫@部片子我已看過兩遍。
3）在含有賓語從句的復(fù)合句中當(dāng)主句謂語動(dòng)同為said，asked，answered等時(shí)，從句謂語動(dòng)詞表示在這以前完成的動(dòng)作，要用過去完成時(shí)。如：
�、買 remembered that I went out after I had closed the door.我記得自己是在關(guān)上門后才出去的。
4）表示過去某一時(shí)刻延續(xù)到過去另一時(shí)刻的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常和for構(gòu)成的介詞短語以及since構(gòu)成的介詞短語或時(shí)間狀語從句連用。如：
�、費(fèi)r Smith had lived there alone（for）two years.史密斯先生獨(dú)自在那兒居住兩年。
被動(dòng)語態(tài)的復(fù)習(xí)
有關(guān)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的幾種基本句型，這里就不贅述了，在此說明被動(dòng)語態(tài)需注意的幾點(diǎn)：
1.動(dòng)詞feel, look, smell, sound, taste, cut, open, read, sell, shut, wear, write 等的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。
The book written by that famous writer is selling very well.
那些名作家寫的書非常暢銷。（實(shí)際是“被”賣的）
2.動(dòng)詞need, want, require 后的動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。如：
These flowers need / want / require watering. (含“被”澆水)這些花需要澆水。
be worth后的動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。
This book is well worth reading.這本書值得一讀。（實(shí)際是“被”讀）
3.一些動(dòng)詞的賓語補(bǔ)足語，主動(dòng)式時(shí)不用to, 被動(dòng)式要帶to。這些動(dòng)詞有feel, smell, see, notice。watch, hear, taste, have, make等。如：
People often saw him enter that shop.人們經(jīng)�？匆娝M(jìn)入那個(gè)商店。
4.作及物動(dòng)詞用的短語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)須保持其完整性。
(1) 動(dòng)詞+介詞
We must send for the doctor at once.----The doctor must be sent for at once.
必須立即派人去請(qǐng)醫(yī)生
（2）動(dòng)詞+名詞+介詞
They are taking good care of the children.----The children are being taken good care of by them
孩子們正受他們很好的照顧。
(3)動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞
People looked down upon women in the past. Women were looked down upon by people in the past. 過去婦女被人瞧不起（輕視）。
語法練習(xí)
1. ( 1998NMET>Shirley ________ a book about China last year but I don't know whether she has finished it.
A. has written B. wrote C. had written D. was writing
分析：考查進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的特性之一——未完成性。從題干but I don’t know whether she has finished it這一信息句可知，該題應(yīng)填過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，表明去年Shirley寫著一本關(guān)于中國(guó)的書，該書沒寫完，A、C項(xiàng)時(shí)態(tài)與本句所用的時(shí)間狀語不符，B項(xiàng)表明書已在去年寫完，與本文不符，故排除。答案是D。
2. (1996NMET) Helen ________ her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband ________ home.
A. has left, comes B. left, had come
C. had left, came D. had left, would come
分析：句意是“海倫不得不等她丈夫回家，因?yàn)樗龑㈣�匙忘在辦公室了”。很顯然，leave 的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在的wait之前，應(yīng)用過去完成時(shí)；而第二分句中的主句為一般過去時(shí)，其從句是時(shí)間狀語從句也應(yīng)用過去時(shí)。答案為C。
3. (1995NMET)—_______ the sports meet might be put off.
—Yes, it all depends on the weather.
A. I've been told B. I've told C. I'm told D.I told
分析：從it all depends on the weather 一句的時(shí)態(tài)和所告知的內(nèi)容可以斷定，應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)形式。答案為A。
4. (1998NMET)My brother ________ while he ________ his bicycle and hurt himself.
A. fell, was riding B. fell, were riding
C. had fallen, road D. had fallen, was riding
分析：while he was riding his bicycle 表示在My brother 正騎自行車的時(shí)候，即動(dòng)作的一瞬間。該題的and hurt himself 具有一定的迷惑性。有學(xué)生把hurt and rode 當(dāng)成并列成分而誤選C為正確答案。而實(shí)際上hurt 同fell才是并列關(guān)系。答案為A。
5. (1997NMET)1 first met Lisa three years ago. She ________ at a radio shop at the time.
A. has worked B. was working
C. had been working D. had worked
分析：從信息句three years ago, 可推斷是過去時(shí)，再由at the time判斷該空應(yīng)填過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。答案為B。
1．辨析in surprise 與by surprise, to one’s surprise:
三者都為“驚奇地”意思，但有區(qū)別：
in surprise表示“驚奇地”意思，可作狀語或表語。
I was in surprise when she told me that she was an orphan. 她告訴我她是孤兒，我感到詫異。
He asked me in surprise, “how did you get the news? ” 他驚奇地問我“你是怎么得到這個(gè)消息的？”
by surprise 只作狀語，表示“冷不防地”，常與take, get, seize等動(dòng)作連用。
The policeman took the thief by surprise as he opened the window. 警察趁小偷打開窗戶時(shí)，出其不意地把他逮住了。
The castle was taken by surprise. 這座城堡被奇襲攻陷。
To one’s surprise 在句中作表感情的結(jié)果狀語。
To my surprise, he finished the task only in a few days. 使我吃驚的是，他竟在幾天內(nèi)完成這一任務(wù)。
To her great surprise, they are so alike that almost nobody can tell one from the other. 使她感到非常吃驚的是，他們長(zhǎng)得如此相像，以致于幾乎沒有人能把他們區(qū)開。
2．辨析ahead 與ahead of .
兩者都為“在前面”，但有差別。
ahead 作形容詞和副詞，用作表語、補(bǔ)語或狀語，表示“在前頭”。
The tasks for the period ahead are waiting for us to do. 今后的任務(wù)還在等著我們?nèi)プ觥?br />The school is two kilometers ahead. 學(xué)校在前面兩公里的地方。
ahead of 是介詞短語。表示地點(diǎn)位置時(shí)，是在“前面”，還可表示“處于領(lǐng)先”
或“早于，先于”。
He studies very hard, because he wants to stay ahead of his classmates. 他學(xué)習(xí)非常努力，因?yàn)樗I(lǐng)先于全班同學(xué)。
All the factories in our city have fulfilled their production quota ahead of time. 本市所有的工廠都已經(jīng)提前完成了生產(chǎn)定額。
4．辨析nearly和almost
1）almost和nearly在用法上既有相同之處，也有不同點(diǎn)。在單純表示“時(shí)間、程度、進(jìn)度”時(shí)，almost=nearly。例如：
The building is almost completed.The building is nearly completed.這座大樓幾乎要峻工了。
第一句比第二句更接近于完成。
2）在具體數(shù)字前面常用nearly。例如：
The river is nearly 100 metres wide.這條河大約是100米寬。
3）almost可與no，nothing，none，never等連用，此時(shí)不能nearly代替。
Almost no one believed him.幾乎無人相信他的話。
There’s almost none left.幾乎一個(gè)沒剩。
5．辨析except,besides, except for,except,but
1）except表示“除……之外”，含有排他的涵義；besides表示“除……之外還有……”，有“附加”的涵義。如：
He gets up early every day except Sunday.他每天早起，除了星期天例外。
He answered all the questions except the last one.除了最后一題，他回答了所有的問題。
2）except for 和except不同之處是：前者“除開”的部分和論述的部分通常不是同一類事物，而后者則為同一類事物。試比較：
This article is easy to understand except for some idiomatic expressions.
這篇文章除了幾處習(xí)慣用語外，是很容易懂的。
Except this one, the other articles are easy to understand.除了這篇文章，其他的文章都好懂得。
3）except for含有“除……之外，其他都……”，“如果沒有……那就”這樣一層意思，而except單純指“除……之外”。多用在發(fā)表“評(píng)論”的場(chǎng)合
4）介詞but與except同義，意為“除……之外”（not including），常放在any，every，no以及含有這些詞的復(fù)合不定代詞如anybody，anyone，anything，anywhere， everybody，everyone，everything，everywhere，nobody，nothing，nowhere和no one，none，all等詞后。例如：
He has nothing in the handbag but a copy of dictionary.
他手提包里沒有別的什么，只有一本字典。
6.asleep，sleeping
這兩個(gè)詞都表示“入睡”、“睡著”的意思，但用法各異，主要區(qū)別有以下幾點(diǎn)：
（一）asleep是表語形容詞，它不能放在名詞之前，例如我們不可以說：Look at the asleep baby，應(yīng)把a(bǔ)sleep改為sleeping。例：
She was fast asleep；I couldn't wake her up．她睡得很熟，我喊不醒她。
The old man has fallen asleep．那個(gè)老人睡著了。
請(qǐng)注意，be asleep是指“睡著”的狀態(tài)，如果表示“入睡”的意味，就要用fall asleep。上面兩個(gè)例句反映了這個(gè)區(qū)別。
（二）sleeping 是定語形容詞，它放在它所修飾的名詞之前，如the sleeping baby。如果放在 verb“to be”之后（He is sleeping），sleeping不是形容詞，而是動(dòng)詞，is sleeping 是現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。例：
Who is that sleeping man？ 那個(gè)在睡覺的人是誰？
Keep an eye on the sleeping baby．照看好那個(gè)在睡覺的嬰孩。
Let sleeping dogs lie． 莫惹事生非。
Sleeping有一近義詞，即sleepy。sleepy既可作表語，又可作定語。作表語時(shí)，義：“困倦”、“想睡覺”，用作定語時(shí)，義：“貪睡”、“寂靜的”。例：
The children fell sleepy；put them to bed．孩子們困了，把他們放到床上睡吧。
Here are the outskirts/suburbs of Kowloon．Do you like this sleepy valley？
這里是九龍的郊區(qū)。你喜歡這寂靜的山谷嗎？
7.as well as，as well
作為習(xí)語用作介詞時(shí)，as well as的涵義是“還有”、“不但…而且…”。值得注意的是，在A as well as B的結(jié)構(gòu)里，語意的重點(diǎn)在 A，不在 B。因此，“He can speak Spanish as well as English．”的譯文應(yīng)該是：“他不但會(huì)說英語，而且會(huì)講西班牙語”，決不能譯作：“他不但會(huì)說西班牙語，而且會(huì)講英語”。如果這樣翻譯，就是本末倒置了。as well as和 not only… but also…同義，但前者的語意重點(diǎn)和后者的語意重點(diǎn)恰好顛倒。
如果 as well as用作連詞引出比較從句，其義為“和…一樣好”。因此，“He speaks Spanish as well as English．”應(yīng)譯作：“他說西班牙語像說英語一樣好”。語意的重點(diǎn)依舊在前部，不在后半部。
請(qǐng)注意 as well as以下的用法：
She called on you as well as I． 不但我來看你，她也拜訪了你。
She called on you as well as me． 她不但拜訪了我，也拜訪了你。
在下列句中，as well as表示“像…一樣”的涵義：
She as well as you is an English teacher． 她像你一樣也是英文教師。
這里的謂語動(dòng)詞用is，不用are，因?yàn)榫渲械闹髡Z是she，不是she和you。
As well是副詞短語，其義為“也”，相當(dāng)于too，它一般放在句末，有時(shí)和連詞and或but搭配使用。例：
He is a worker，and a poet as well．他是工人，但也是詩人。
China possesses enormous quantities of coal and is rich in other minerals as well．
中國(guó)擁有大量煤炭，其他的礦藏也很豐富。
Mr．Liu can speak English，but he can speak Cantonese as well．
劉先生會(huì)說英語，但他也能講廣東話。
詞語辨析：
辨析in surprise 與by surprise, to one’s surprise:
三者都為“驚奇地”意思，但有區(qū)別：
in surprise表示“驚奇地”意思，可作狀語或表語。
I was in surprise when she told me that she was an orphan. 她告訴我她是孤兒，我感到詫異。
He asked me in surprise, “how did you get the news? ” 他驚奇地問我“你是怎么得到這個(gè)消息的？”
by surprise 只作狀語，表示“冷不防地”，常與take, get, seize等動(dòng)作連用。
The policeman took the thief by surprise as he opened the window. 警察趁小偷打開窗戶時(shí)，出其不意地把他逮住了。
The castle was taken by surprise. 這座城堡被奇襲攻陷。
To one’s surprise 在句中作表感情的結(jié)果狀語。
To my surprise, he finished the task only in a few days. 使我吃驚的是，他竟在幾天內(nèi)完成這一任務(wù)。
To her great surprise, they are so alike that almost nobody can tell one from the other. 使她感到非常吃驚的是，他們長(zhǎng)得如此相像，以致于幾乎沒有人能把他們區(qū)開。
2．辨析ahead 與ahead of .
兩者都為“在前面”，但有差別。
ahead 作形容詞和副詞，用作表語、補(bǔ)語或狀語，表示“在前頭”。
The tasks for the period ahead are waiting for us to do. 今后的任務(wù)還在等著我們?nèi)プ觥?br />The school is two kilometers ahead. 學(xué)校在前面兩公里的地方。
ahead of 是介詞短語。表示地點(diǎn)位置時(shí)，是在“前面”，還可表示“處于領(lǐng)先”
或“早于，先于”。
He studies very hard, because he wants to stay ahead of his classmates. 他學(xué)習(xí)非常努力，因?yàn)樗I(lǐng)先于全班同學(xué)。
All the factories in our city have fulfilled their production quota ahead of time. 本市所有的工廠都已經(jīng)提前完成了生產(chǎn)定額。
4．辨析nearly和almost
1）almost和nearly在用法上既有相同之處，也有不同點(diǎn)。在單純表示“時(shí)間、程度、進(jìn)度”時(shí)，almost=nearly。例如：
The building is almost completed.The building is nearly completed.這座大樓幾乎要峻工了。
第一句比第二句更接近于完成。
2）在具體數(shù)字前面常用nearly。例如：
The river is nearly 100 metres wide.這條河大約是100米寬。
3）almost可與no，nothing，none，never等連用，此時(shí)不能nearly代替。
Almost no one believed him.幾乎無人相信他的話。
There’s almost none left.幾乎一個(gè)沒剩。
5．辨析except,besides, except for,except,but
1）except表示“除……之外”，含有排他的涵義；besides表示“除……之外還有……”，有“附加”的涵義。如：
He gets up early every day except Sunday.他每天早起，除了星期天例外。
He answered all the questions except the last one.除了最后一題，他回答了所有的問題。
2）except for 和except不同之處是：前者“除開”的部分和論述的部分通常不是同一類事物，而后者則為同一類事物。試比較：
This article is easy to understand except for some idiomatic expressions.
這篇文章除了幾處習(xí)慣用語外，是很容易懂的。
Except this one, the other articles are easy to understand.除了這篇文章，其他的文章都好懂得。
3）except for含有“除……之外，其他都……”，“如果沒有……那就”這樣一層意思，而except單純指“除……之外”。多用在發(fā)表“評(píng)論”的場(chǎng)合
4）介詞but與except同義，意為“除……之外”（not including），常放在any，every，no以及含有這些詞的復(fù)合不定代詞如anybody，anyone，anything，anywhere， everybody，everyone，everything，everywhere，nobody，nothing，nowhere和no one，none，all等詞后。例如：
He has nothing in the handbag but a copy of dictionary.
他手提包里沒有別的什么，只有一本字典。
6.asleep，sleeping
這兩個(gè)詞都表示“入睡”、“睡著”的意思，但用法各異，主要區(qū)別有以下幾點(diǎn)：
（一）asleep是表語形容詞，它不能放在名詞之前，例如我們不可以說：Look at the asleep baby，應(yīng)把a(bǔ)sleep改為sleeping。例：
She was fast asleep；I couldn't wake her up．她睡得很熟，我喊不醒她。
The old man has fallen asleep．那個(gè)老人睡著了。
請(qǐng)注意，be asleep是指“睡著”的狀態(tài)，如果表示“入睡”的意味，就要用fall asleep。上面兩個(gè)例句反映了這個(gè)區(qū)別。
（二）sleeping 是定語形容詞，它放在它所修飾的名詞之前，如the sleeping baby。如果放在 verb“to be”之后（He is sleeping），sleeping不是形容詞，而是動(dòng)詞，is sleeping 是現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。例：
Who is that sleeping man？ 那個(gè)在睡覺的人是誰？
Keep an eye on the sleeping baby．照看好那個(gè)在睡覺的嬰孩。
Let sleeping dogs lie． 莫惹事生非。
Sleeping有一近義詞，即sleepy。sleepy既可作表語，又可作定語。作表語時(shí)，義：“困倦”、“想睡覺”，用作定語時(shí)，義：“貪睡”、“寂靜的”。例：
The children fell sleepy；put them to bed．孩子們困了，把他們放到床上睡吧。
Here are the outskirts/suburbs of Kowloon．Do you like this sleepy valley？
這里是九龍的郊區(qū)。你喜歡這寂靜的山谷嗎？
7.as well as，as well
作為習(xí)語用作介詞時(shí)，as well as的涵義是“還有”、“不但…而且…”。值得注意的是，在A as well as B的結(jié)構(gòu)里，語意的重點(diǎn)在 A，不在 B。因此，“He can speak Spanish as well as English．”的譯文應(yīng)該是：“他不但會(huì)說英語，而且會(huì)講西班牙語”，決不能譯作：“他不但會(huì)說西班牙語，而且會(huì)講英語”。如果這樣翻譯，就是本末倒置了。as well as和 not only… but also…同義，但前者的語意重點(diǎn)和后者的語意重點(diǎn)恰好顛倒。
如果 as well as用作連詞引出比較從句，其義為“和…一樣好”。因此，“He speaks Spanish as well as English．”應(yīng)譯作：“他說西班牙語像說英語一樣好”。語意的重點(diǎn)依舊在前部，不在后半部。
請(qǐng)注意 as well as以下的用法：
She called on you as well as I． 不但我來看你，她也拜訪了你。
She called on you as well as me． 她不但拜訪了我，也拜訪了你。
在下列句中，as well as表示“像…一樣”的涵義：
She as well as you is an English teacher． 她像你一樣也是英文教師。
這里的謂語動(dòng)詞用is，不用are，因?yàn)榫渲械闹髡Z是she，不是she和you。
As well是副詞短語，其義為“也”，相當(dāng)于too，它一般放在句末，有時(shí)和連詞and或but搭配使用。例：
He is a worker，and a poet as well．他是工人，但也是詩人。
China possesses enormous quantities of coal and is rich in other minerals as well．
中國(guó)擁有大量煤炭，其他的礦藏也很豐富。
Mr．Liu can speak English，but he can speak Cantonese as well．
劉先生會(huì)說英語，但他也能講廣東話。
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